Protect Land, Water and Life

Move beyond extractivist thinking (the belief that anyone is entitled to extract land, water and/or life for profit) and learn from indigenous knowledge.

• Everyone can educate ourselves about what extractivism is, understand the history of how humans have destroyed communities and the environment, and how this has escalated since the beginning of capitalism and capitalist colonisation.
  • “Extractivism is an economic and developmental model fuelled by the unsustainable exploitation of Nature- from metals, minerals and fossil fuels to land, water and humans. This model is enabled by the ideological assumption that the Earth, less powerful people, and other-than-human life are resources to be exploited for the benefit of more powerful humans, without limit or consequence.” (Gaia Foundation)
  • We need a cultural shift to build better societies but the philosophy of continuous growth and expansion has become entrenched in Western societies. Multiple studies show that, above a threshold, material wealth doesn’t lead to a corresponding increase in happiness, well-being or health and have illustrated that ending the growth addiction can create greater well-being and more worthwhile work for more people. Societal values should be firmly rooted in a deep commitment to a fair sharing of resources for people and planet, and to the fundamental belief that humans are of intrinsically equal value. Societal values that we believe are foundational are sufficiency, care and empathy, together with equality, inclusiveness and autonomy should be firmly rooted in a deep commitment to a fair share of consumption of resources and to the fundamental belief that humans are of intrinsically equal value. (pg 35 ‘Green mining is a myth, FoE)
  • Learning from indigenous knowledge means asking and seeking out information. For example reading books such as Sand Talk by Tyson Yunkaporta, Braiding Sweetgrass by Robin Wall Kimmerer, Songspirals Sharing Women’s Wisdom of Country Through Songlines By Gay’wu Group of Women and Living on Stolen Land by Ambelin Kwaymullina. 

Keep fossil fuels in the ground

• Governments can stop subsidising existing fossil fuel projects, and legislate against the development of new fossil fuel projects.
  • For example the Greens are calling for an end to fossil fuels.^[1][2]
  • In Europe there is a campaign to cut the ties between fossil fuels and politics.
• Corporations can stop financing and building coal, oil or gas projects.
• People and communities can – join and support blockades and other forms of direct action in opposition to fossil fuel developments. For example the Just Stop It campaign by Extinction Rebellion VIC.

^{[1] The Australian Greens “Tackling the Climate Crisis“, c. 2022  
[2] A Bandt “We must freeze new coal, gas and oil“, The Australian Greens, 25 March 2022
[3] Fossil Free Politics https://www.fossilfreepolitics.org
[4] Extinction Rebellion VIC “Just Stop It“}

Reduce methane (and while we’re at it stop treating animals so horribly)

• Governments can enact policies that reduce methane emissions.^[5]
• Corporations can, especially food manufacturers and sellers, source products from sustainable and ethical sources, and offer products that are meat free.
• People and communities can reduce or eliminate their consumption of animal products, especially of animals kept in Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs).

_{[5] Al Jazeera, “Dozens of nations back pledge to slash methane emissions at COP26“, 2 November 2021}

Build ecologically-sustainable small-scale not-for-profit renewables.

while energy from renewable sources such as the sun, wind, water, geothermal, etc. is generally cleaner than fossil fuels, the technology to harness that renewable energy isn’t renewable itself, and can include mining, industrial processes, shipping etc that have adverse impacts on the land and people.

The financing of large scale energy projects are also often used by corporations – including those which mine the minerals for renewable energy infrastructure – to spruik their ‘green’ credentials (i.e. greenwashing). It’s therefore important to make sure renewable energy projects are meeting the needs of everyday people, not the profit of corporations, and are as ecologically sustainable as possible – including sourcing of minerals. It’s also important that energy is used locally to benefit local people. Renewable energy should therefore be built and owned by communities.

• Governments can subsidise small-scale, community-led renewable energy projects.
• Corporations can stop financing and building large-scale renewable projects.
• People and communities can build their own renewables and support others to do so.
  • For example, Goulburn in New South Wales – the community built its own solar farm.^[6] Some 100 other community energy groups operate across the country.

^{[6] D M Coy, R Dargaville, S Malekpour “People power: everyday Australians are building their own renewables projects, and you can too“, The Conversation, 13 October 2020}

Build ecologically-sustainable small-scale not-for-profit food systems.

• Governments can subsidise and support local food growing. Listen to groups like the Australian Food Sovereignty Alliance and their Fair Food Plan^[7].
• Corporations can ??
• People and communities can get involved in local sustainable food growing, permaculture in the suburbs^[8], sourcing local food from shops/markets (e.g. the Open Food Network in Australia).^[9]

^{[7] R Grayson “A smart, crowdsourced plan for a better food system“, Australian Food Sovereignty Alliance, 28 November 2014
[8] Retrofitting Suburbia, retrofittingsuburbia.com
[9] Open Food Network Australia, openfoodnetwork.org.au}

Stop all mining where frontline communities are opposed and/or where it’s causing serious damage to ecosystems. If we need minerals for projects that benefit people (are not for profit) we can recycle metals and minerals that have already been taken from the land.

• Governments and corporations can follow these principles^[10]:

1. No mining nor purchasing metals and other minerals from sites whose communities and or indigenous peoples have not given their consent freely and only after being previously and thoroughly informed of the possible impacts of the proposed extractive activity, to be verified by an independent community-appointed entity.
2. No mining nor purchasing metals and other minerals from any protected area, including those declared by sub-national governments.
3. No mining nor purchasing metals and other minerals from sites whose communities face forced relocation.
4. No mining nor purchasing metals and other minerals from areas harbouring species in danger of extinction or critically endangered of extinction.
5. No mining nor purchasing metals and other minerals from sites where Acid Mine Drainage poses a significant threat to water resources.
6. No mining nor purchasing metals and other minerals from sites whose extraction of water resources can diminish sources of water.
7. No mining nor purchasing metals and other minerals from sites harbouring primary or old growth secondary forests.
8. No mining nor purchasing metals and other minerals from projects or operations that could diminish a country’s archaeological or cultural patrimony.
9. No mining nor purchasing metals and other minerals from the Arctic, seabed, biodiversity hotspots and other ecosystems and bio-regions critical for the world’s climate.

• People and communities can join, start and support blockades, as well as other forms of direct action, to disrupt and stop unethical mining/extractivist projects.
  • Examples where this is already happening in Australia – Camp Binbee – Blockade of Adani coal mine^[11], takanya/Tarkine in Tasmania^[12], Camp Nunguu – Newry Native Forest Blockade^[13]

^{[10] “COP26: Red Lines Statement on Extractivism“, Yes To Life, No To Mining, 7 November 2021
[11] Blockade Adani, Frontline Action On Coal
[12] Tarkine Blockade, Bob Brown Foundation
[13] Camp Nunguu – Newry Native Forest Blockade, Facebook.com}

Recognise what living sustainably and equitably actually means (i.e. tell the truth about the climate and ecological emergency), and live this in practice. For those of us engaging in overproduction and over-consumption, this means reducing our material footprint i.e. consumption.

• In Australia, we consume anywhere from four to ten times more per capita than is sustainable. For more information, read Degrowth: How much is needed?
• Reducing our material footprint could include shrinking or eliminating sectors of economic activity which are ecologically destructive and offer little or no social benefit; while maintaining or growing sectors that satisfy people’s basic needs. For example, sectors such as military, aerospace and fast fashion could be deprioritised in favour of sectors based around community-developed renewable energies, the arts, science, innovation and other creative and participatory activities and industries that improve overall community well-being.
• Governments can invest research into the extent (and need) of consumption and set footprint reduction targets accordingly, including energy consumption, land and water use targets.
  • Examples – The Netherlands^[14] and Finland^[15] are already setting their own material footprint reduction targets
  • 7 transformational ideas for a New Economy by Friends of the Earth Europe.^[16] Many of the ideas in this document also form the basis of this Invitation for Dialogue.   
• Corporations can hand control of resources to the communities, so they can decide how to work with the land and water to meet their needs sustainably.
• People and communities can practice voluntary simplicity^[17] and frugal hedonism.^[18]

^{[14] A Circular Economy in the Netherlands by 2050, circulareconomy.europa.eu
[15] Finish Ministry of the Environment “The circular economy program sets targets for curbing the overconsumption of natural resources“, 8 April 2021
[16] Friends of the Earth “7 sparks to light a new economy within earth’s limits“, January 2022
[17] Simplicity Collective “A Simpler Life Beyond Consumer Culture“
[18] “The Art of Frugal Hedonism” frugalhedonism.com}

Make sustainable choices easy

Redistribute resources

It’s important to address the undemocratic and unequal ways that products, infrastructure and services are produced, accessed and how they’re disposed of. It’s also important to spread the burden of reducing resource consumption in an equitable way. Many of the ideas in this section aim to do this.

• Governments can impose high progressive taxation and high inheritance tax.
• Corporations can ??
• People and communities can share their wealth, resources and time. For example giving away inheritance, donating to crowd funders, mutual aid and volunteering for community projects.

Make sustainable products the norm

• Governments can mandate that consumer goods are more durable, reusable, repairable, recyclable and energy efficient.
  • For example the French government Repairability index.^[19]
• Corporations can give people the Right to Repair, and make products in a way that’s sustainable.
• People and communities can reuse as much as possible, build new things from waste, only buy good durable products and where possible share products instead of buying new.

^{[19] Right To Repair “The French repair index: challenges and opportunities“, 3 February 2021}

Prohibit planned obsolescence

Planned obsolescence is the deliberate shortening of the lifespan of a product to force people to purchase new replacements. This may be achieved through frequent changes in design, premature termination of support for older models of the same product and the use of non-durable materials in their construction. It’s inevitable in an economic system that businesses need to compete with each other in order to survive, so making profit is more important than any other considerations – planned obsolescence fits within this mindset.

• Governments can make planned obsolescence illegal.
  • The Right To Repair movement has advanced legislation in the European Union as well as some US states requiring corporations to improve the repairability of their electronic products and to encourage better consumer choices.^[20]
  • In 2015 the French National Assembly established a fine of up to €300,000 and jail terms of up to two years for manufacturers planning the failure of their products. The rule is relevant not only because of the sanctions that it establishes but also because it is the first time that a legislature recognized the existence of planned obsolescence.^[21]
  • Sustainable Products Policy Initiative (which will include a revision of the EU Ecodesign Directive) Due at the end of 2021 or early 2022, the aim of the Sustainable Products Policy Initiative is to promote a more sustainable use of resources through better product design, durability and recycling, and to strengthen the rights of consumers. It will include a digital product passport, and tackle planned obsolescence.^[22]
• Corporations can stop using planned obsolescence as a business model.
• People and communities can purchase goods and products that are more durable and easier to repair and thus, don’t need to be replaced as often. Go to and help out at repair cafes – find one near you! Create and join campaigns against planned obsolescence, for example HOP in France.^[23]

^{[20] OSPIRG “Landmark E.U. votes advances Right to Repair“, 20 September 2020
[21] S Cisse, C P Metcalf & A Fisher “In the Crosshairs: Planned Obsolescence” Lexology, 31 March 2020
[22] Friends of the Earth “‘Green Mining” is a Myth” pp 30
[23] HOP – Stop Planned Obsolescence, www.stopobsolescence.org}

Decommodify land

People are increasingly stuck with high rent/mortgage prices, locked into insecure work and higher consumption; leaving us little time to do the things we love and less security to live the more sustainable life and future that we may want to.^[24]

• Governments can build more public housing (or acquire existing housing stock for public housing) and introduce policies that ensure land and property can’t be used for profit/speculation. See for example Singapore, where high quality and affordable housing is provided by the government to its citizens, while preventing property speculation by prohibiting the ownership of more than two residential units at any time.^[25]
• Corporations can boost the wages of their workers, or subsidise the cost of housing to ensure that it’s affordable for all.
• People and communities can share property, re-create commons, squat unused houses and land.

^{[24] A Baumann & S Alexander “Access to land is a barrier to simpler, sustainable living. Public housing could offer a way forward“, The Conversation, 22 August 2019
[25] J Bryson “A century of public housing: lessons from Singapore, where housing is a social, not financial, asset“, The Conversation, 31 July 2019}

Reduce the average working week

A reduced working week (without reduction of pay), as well as work sharing, has numerous benefits.^[26] Not only would a shorter working week boost happiness and overall productivity, among other things, it would also reduce environmental pressures by cutting back material output. Productivity gains could be re-channeled into time for leisure, care work, participatory democracy and community activities instead of profit accumulation. An analysis of 29 high-income OECD countries, found that a 1% decrease in working hours can lower energy, environmental and carbon footprints by around 1.2%.^[27]

• Governments can introduce policies to support this. For example see: 
  • A four-day workweek : a policy for improving employment and environmental conditions in Europe^[28] and Escaping the growth and jobs treadmill – a new policy agenda for a post coronavirus Europe^[29].
  • Belgium is allowing workers to request a four day working week without loss of pay. Unfortunately it is not reducing actual work hours, but it is a start.^[30]
  • The ACT Legislative Committee has done an inquiry into the future of the working week, this could be an interesting space to push for a shorter working week in the ACT!^[31]
• Corporations can offer shorter work weeks to employees, which some companies are already trialing or doing.^[32]
• People and communities can ask for shorter work weeks, or take jobs that allow for shorter working weeks.

_{[26] S Benstead “A four-day work week: is it really worth it?“, Breathe, 23 December 2021}
^{[27] M Pullinger “Working time reduction policy in a sustainable economy: Criteria and options for its design“, The University of Edinburgh, July 2014
[28] N Ashford & G Kallis “A Four-day Workweek: a Policy for Improving Employment and Environmental Conditions in Europe“, The European Financial Review, April 2014
[29] J Mayrhofer & K Wiese “Escaping the growth and jobs treadmill:a new policy agenda for post‑coronavirus Europe“, Brussels: European Environmental Bureau, European Youth Forum, November 2020
[30] 10play “Belgium Worker Rights To Request A 4-Day Work Week For A Better Work/Life Balance“, 18 February 2022
[31] Legislative Assembly for the Australian Capital Territory “Inquiry into the future of the working week“
[32] J Kelly “Two Major Companies Announced Four-Day Workweeks—This May Be The Tipping Point For Businesses To Join The Growing Movement“, Forbes.com, 10 January 2022}

Promote sharing – change from ownership to usership and sharing

Sharing household items, tools, cars and building space, ‘product as a service’ business models, and more, can cut resource demand, make many products and services more accessible and affordable to all and help to build stronger community connections. Legislation and policy initiatives to establish neighbourhood workshops, tool libraries and urban mining initiatives as well as responsible management of waste offer opportunities for people to repair, borrow and lease items. 

• Governments can enact policies that support sharing.
  • For example, the European Environmental Bureau (2021). A blueprint to deliver a healthy, affordable, and sustainable built environment for all.^[33]
• Corporations can hand ownership of resources to communities.
• People and communities can create and support tool libraries e.g.: Brunswick tool library^[34], really free markets^[35], hard rubbish reuse, street libraries, urban mining (for example in Belgium^[36]).

^{[33] Y Saheb “Towards a healthy, affordable and sustainable Built Environment“, European Environmental Bureau, March 2021
[34] Brunswick Tool Library, www.brunswicktoollibrary.org
[35] CrimeThInc “The Really Really Free Market: Instituting the Gift Economy“, 27 October 2007
[36] Eeb.org “Urban mining: when communities reject the throwaway economy“}

Promote open-source digital solutions

Not only is extractivism prevalent in our physical world, it also exists in the digital world^[37]; whereby people’s data is used as a commodity that can be derived and sold off for corporate profit. Open-source solutions are the digital equivalent of community developed initiatives in the physical world (and as such, offer greater transparency in how data is used and retained) while proprietary platforms (owned by corporations) are effectively digital privatisation; and developers aren’t often forthcoming in how they retain and use people’s data.

• Governments can implement policies that promote the use of open-source software solutions and platforms over proprietary platforms, while also implementing policies that guarantee a right to digital privacy and repealing metadata retention and other related laws.
• Corporations can use open source solutions while also being ethical in their use and retention of people’s data.
• People and communities can use open source software solutions.

^{[37] ECAS 2019 “Digital Extractivism and data-driven development in Africa“}

Truly sustainable mobility – reduce car dependency

Replacing all fossil fuel-based cars with electric cars – thereby driving up demand for, and mining of, certain metals – isn’t a viable solution to the climate and environmental crisis. Instead, more frequent, efficient and free public transport in cities and in rural areas (including reviving old rail infrastructure) should be prioritised. Other measures can include the construction of safe cycling infrastructure; promoting walking; improving car and ride-sharing; banning car use in city centres; and greatly restricting (and in places banning) resource-intensive SUVs.

• Governments can implement policies that get cars off the road by promoting the use of public transport that is free, frequent and efficient – for example, by investing in the construction and renewal of rail infrastructure over the expansion of roads, as well as building new cycling infrastructure that’s safe. Promote the creation of 20 minute cities^[38] (where most services are accessible within a 20 minute walk from where one lives).
• Corporations can encourage carpooling and ride sharing.
• People and communities can where possible – walk, cycle and/or use public transport instead of driving. If necessary, purchase only vehicles that have high fuel efficiency, and carpool.

^{[38] A Webb-Liddall “How 20-minute cities could transform urban life“, The Spinoff, 5 July 2021}

Strictly regulate advertising

The role of the advertising industry in creating artificial demand, and driving over-consumption, is huge. Online advertisements are responsible for about a quarter of our data consumption when we browse the internet^[39]; and this has significant environmental impacts. Research also shows that we’d be much happier without being constantly bombarded with advertisements.^[40]

• Governments can ban public advertising
  • For example: Ad Blocking – the global cities clearing streets of advertising to promote human and environmental health.^[41]
• Corporations can stop advertising.
• People and communities can cover for-profit advertising displayed in public spaces, for inspiration check out democraticmediaplease.net^[42], “Brandalism”^[43] and “subvertising”.^[44]

^{[39] A Parmer, M Toms, C Dedagikas & C Dickert “Adblock Plus Efficacy Study“
[40] N Torres “Advertising makes us unhappy“, Harvard Business Review, January/February 2020.
[41] Rapid Transition Alliance “Adblocking – the global cities clearing streets of advertising to promote human and environmental health“, 23 July 2019
[42] Democratic Media Please “Democratic media please: real democracy requires the end of the for-profit media/advertising system“
[43] Wikipedia “Brandalism“
[44] Wikipedia “Subvertising“}

Strictly regulate the financial system

• Governments can cap accruable interest for credit cards and loan at twice the principal amount borrowed, apply a Tobin tax to share-trading, more closely regulate profits in the insurance industry and mostly spend money into existence rather than allowing banks to mostly lend money into existence
• Corporations can voluntarily adopt ethical investments and capping on profits from loans and financial transactions (i.e., focus on making money from producing needed products and services rather than making money from money through shares, loans etc.)
• People and communities can lend and borrow funds at zero-interest or as part of joint ventures where risk is shared between parties, create and expand local exchange trading schemes (LETS) and other local currency and skill/work-share schemes.

Sustainable buildings

Retrofit buildings to make them energy efficient and raise the energy efficiency standards of new buildings (only if we need new buildings, otherwise retrofit old ones).

• Governments can enact legislation that mandates building codes which promote energy efficiency and sustainability. E.g. new buildings being required to have rooftop solar, while old buildings have the costs of rooftop solar installation subsidised.
• Corporations can retrofit their buildings to be more sustainable, such as installing solar panels and other measures to be carbon negative.
• People and communities can retrofit their own homes.^[45]

^{[45] Retrofitting Suburbia, retrofittingsuburbia.com}

Promote circular economics

In a circular economy, everything is built for its end of life purpose and everything has value. Waste is a flaw in the design process, it shouldn’t exist.

• Governments can enact legislation that promotes a circular economy; put an end to single use plastics, implement container deposit schemes, and support local communities to build compostable facilities to reduce waste going to landfill.
  • For example the Greens policy on circular economics.^[46]
• Corporations can reduce their waste output and actively recycle and reuse resources where possible.
• People and communities can reduce, reuse, repair, rebuild, refurbish, refinish, resell, recycle or compost all their material goods! And for the goods that can’t go through those processes, avoid as much as possible!

^{[46] The Australian Greens “Building a circular economy“}

Ensure everyone has access to basic necessities

• Governments can implement welfare and wealth redistribution policies that ensure the equitable provision of high quality public services (through the implementation of a Universal Services Guarantee (USG)) and goods to those who need it the most. Raise base welfare rates above the poverty line. Also introduce a Universal Jobs Guarantee (UJG) and/or Universal Basic Income (UBI).
  • There are lots of good reasons for and against these different policy frameworks.^{[47][48][49][50]}
• Corporations can stop lobbying governments to reduce the rates of welfare. Lower rates of welfare make it easier for companies to lower the wages of their workers, as people are more desperate for jobs.^[51]
• People and communities can create and be part of mutual aid projects that empower communities to meet their own needs.

^{[47] I Gordon “Universal Basic Income & Universal Basic Services: How can we bring them together?” Compass Online, 17 August 2020
[48] I Gough “Move the debate from Universal Basic Income to Universal Basic Services“, UNESCO Inclusive Policy Lab
[49] E Dawson “Why the progressive left should oppose a universal basic income“, Australian Financial Review, 6 May 2020
[50] E Miller “A Universal Job Guarantee: An End To The Neoliberal Employment Landscape?“, Green Agenda, 17 September 2018
[51] O Bennett “Australia’s Welfare System Is Designed to Force the Unemployed Into Low-Wage Casual Work“, Jacobin Magazine, October 2021}

Ensure a just transition for workers – as well as their communities – currently relying on ecologically destructive, carbon intensive and extractivist industries for their livelihoods; making sure people impacted are well informed and have options for livelihoods that enhance their well-being and that of their community.

• Governments can tell the truth with honesty and compassion instead of leading communities on. Enact policy that supports a ‘just transition’ from carbon intensive and extractivist industries, investing in the reskilling of workers in destructive industries to take up jobs in new and emerging, green and clean industries, as well as offering generous retrenchment and severance packages to ensure nobody is left behind in the transition.
  
  Cap salaries. This could take the form of an absolute maximum salary or of a maximum ratio between the lowest income and the highest. A fixed threshold is more oriented towards equality than a ratio. Some cooperatives and organisations even choose to allocate the same salary to all employees, regardless of their position or place in the hierarchy, if any.
  
• Corporations can tell the truth with honesty and compassion instead of leading communities on.
• People and communities can support workers who have lost livelihoods through phasing out of damaging industries, and create community led spaces for people to meet their needs – for example community gardens, repair cafes^[52], really free markets^[53], etc. 

^{[52] Repair Cafes www.repaircafe.org
[53] CrimeThInc “The Really Really Free Market: Instituting the Gift Economy“, 27 October 2007}

References

^{[1] The Australian Greens “Tackling the Climate Crisis“, c. 2022  
[2] A Bandt “We must freeze new coal, gas and oil“, The Australian Greens, 25 March 2022
[3] Fossil Free Politics https://www.fossilfreepolitics.org
[4] Extinction Rebellion VIC “Just Stop It“}
_{[5] Al Jazeera, “Dozens of nations back pledge to slash methane emissions at COP26“, 2 November 2021}
^{[6] D M Coy, R Dargaville, S Malekpour “People power: everyday Australians are building their own renewables projects, and you can too“, The Conversation, 13 October 2020
[7] R Grayson “A smart, crowdsourced plan for a better food system“, Australian Food Sovereignty Alliance, 28 November 2014
[8] Retrofitting Suburbia, retrofittingsuburbia.com
[9] Open Food Network Australia, openfoodnetwork.org.au
[10] “COP26: Red Lines Statement on Extractivism“, Yes To Life, No To Mining, 7 November 2021
[11] Blockade Adani, Frontline Action On Coal
[12] Tarkine Blockade, Bob Brown Foundation
[13] Camp Nunguu – Newry Native Forest Blockade, Facebook.com
[14] A Circular Economy in the Netherlands by 2050, circulareconomy.europa.eu
[15] Finish Ministry of the Environment “The circular economy program sets targets for curbing the overconsumption of natural resources“, 8 April 2021
[16] Friends of the Earth “7 sparks to light a new economy within earth’s limits“, January 2022
[17] Simplicity Collective “A Simpler Life Beyond Consumer Culture“
[18] “The Art of Frugal Hedonism” frugalhedonism.com
[19] Right To Repair “The French repair index: challenges and opportunities“, 3 February 2021
[20] OSPIRG “Landmark E.U. votes advances Right to Repair“, 20 September 2020
[21] S Cisse, C P Metcalf & A Fisher “In the Crosshairs: Planned Obsolescence” Lexology, 31 March 2020
[22] Friends of the Earth “‘Green Mining” is a Myth” pp 30
[23] HOP – Stop Planned Obsolescence, www.stopobsolescence.org
[24] A Baumann & S Alexander “Access to land is a barrier to simpler, sustainable living. Public housing could offer a way forward“, The Conversation, 22 August 2019
[25] J Bryson “A century of public housing: lessons from Singapore, where housing is a social, not financial, asset“, The Conversation, 31 July 2019}
_{[26] S Benstead “A four-day work week: is it really worth it?“, Breathe, 23 December 2021}
^{[27] M Pullinger “Working time reduction policy in a sustainable economy: Criteria and options for its design“, The University of Edinburgh, July 2014
[28] N Ashford & G Kallis “A Four-day Workweek: a Policy for Improving Employment and Environmental Conditions in Europe“, The European Financial Review, April 2014
[29] J Mayrhofer & K Wiese “Escaping the growth and jobs treadmill:a new policy agenda for post‑coronavirus Europe“, Brussels: European Environmental Bureau, European Youth Forum, November 2020
[30] 10play “Belgium Worker Rights To Request A 4-Day Work Week For A Better Work/Life Balance“, 18 February 2022
[31] Legislative Assembly for the Australian Capital Territory “Inquiry into the future of the working week“
[32] J Kelly “Two Major Companies Announced Four-Day Workweeks—This May Be The Tipping Point For Businesses To Join The Growing Movement“, Forbes.com, 10 January 2022
[33] Y Saheb “Towards a healthy, affordable and sustainable Built Environment“, European Environmental Bureau, March 2021
[34] Brunswick Tool Library, www.brunswicktoollibrary.org
[35] CrimeThInc “The Really Really Free Market: Instituting the Gift Economy“, 27 October 2007
[36] Eeb.org “Urban mining: when communities reject the throwaway economy“
[37] ECAS 2019 “Digital Extractivism and data-driven development in Africa“
[38] A Webb-Liddall “How 20-minute cities could transform urban life“, The Spinoff, 5 July 2021
[39] A Parmer, M Toms, C Dedagikas & C Dickert “Adblock Plus Efficacy Study“
[40] N Torres “Advertising makes us unhappy“, Harvard Business Review, January/February 2020.
[41] Rapid Transition Alliance “Adblocking – the global cities clearing streets of advertising to promote human and environmental health“, 23 July 2019
[42] Democratic Media Please “Democratic media please: real democracy requires the end of the for-profit media/advertising system“
[43] Wikipedia “Brandalism“
[44] Wikipedia “Subvertising“
[45] Retrofitting Suburbia, retrofittingsuburbia.com
[46] The Australian Greens “Building a circular economy“
[47] I Gordon “Universal Basic Income & Universal Basic Services: How can we bring them together?” Compass Online, 17 August 2020
[48] I Gough “Move the debate from Universal Basic Income to Universal Basic Services“, UNESCO Inclusive Policy Lab
[49] E Dawson “Why the progressive left should oppose a universal basic income“, Australian Financial Review, 6 May 2020
[50] E Miller “A Universal Job Guarantee: An End To The Neoliberal Employment Landscape?“, Green Agenda, 17 September 2018
[51] O Bennett “Australia’s Welfare System Is Designed to Force the Unemployed Into Low-Wage Casual Work“, Jacobin Magazine, October 2021
[52] Repair Cafes www.repaircafe.org
[53] CrimeThInc “The Really Really Free Market: Instituting the Gift Economy“, 27 October 2007}